Note 12 Intangible assets, net
/ Changes in intangible assets
| Intangible assets with a finite useful life | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (in millions of euros) | Client relationships | Software, technology and other | Brands | Total intangible assets |
| Gross value at December 31, 2020 | 1,515 | 972 | 902 | 3,389 |
| Acquisitions | - | 45 | - | 45 |
| Change in scope | - | 56 | - | 56 |
| Disposals | - | (25) | - | (25) |
| Foreign exchange and others | 108 | 77 | 74 | 259 |
| Gross value at December 31, 2021 | 1,624 | 1,125 | 976 | 3,725 |
| Acquisitions | - | 73 | - | 73 |
| Change in scope | 41 | 23 | - | 64 |
| Disposals | - | (39) | - | (39) |
| Foreign exchange and others | 85 | 74 | 56 | 215 |
| Gross value at December 31, 2022 | 1,750 | 1,256 | 1,032 | 4,038 |
| Accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2021 | (1,191) | (692) | (463) | (2,346) |
| Depreciation | (71) | (184) | (100) | (355) |
| Change in scope | - | (1) | - | (1) |
| Disposals | - | 39 | - | 39 |
| Foreign exchange and others | (56) | (46) | (26) | (128) |
| Accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2022 | (1,318) | (884) | (589) | (2,791) |
| Net value at December 31, 2022 | 432 | 372 | 443 | 1,247 |
Depreciation and amortization expense of intangibles assets amount to euro 355 million in 2022, of which euro 287 million pertain to intangibles resulting from acquisitions.
In 2022, valuations tests carried out by an independent expert did not lead the Groupe to recognize any impairment losses.
